Organic Wastes, Their Contents and Sustainable Development

Among the 17 targets defined in the United Nations 2030 Development Goals, there are 4 actions that directly or indirectly affect and affect agriculture. (You can read 17 goals at the end of the article.) In order to reach the Zero Hunger Goal No. 2, it requires agriculture to be sustainable. Along with this target, Terrestrial Life and Climate targets also necessitate that agriculture be environmentally friendly. On the other hand, especially with the 1950s, agricultural mechanization and the spread of agricultural chemicals on a global scale made it difficult for agricultural production to be sustainable and environmentally friendly day by day, and made it impossible in the last 20 years.

Agriculture in Anatolia, which is among the cultural centers where agriculture was born despite adverse processes, is a tradition that has been going on for about 10000 years. Soil, climate, bedrock resources and cultural diversity have caused many environments in Anatolia to be rearranged by human hands and become production areas. The richness of agricultural production in Anatolian culture continued until the 1970s, but after that it started to deteriorate as a result of overpopulation pressure. The increase in agricultural inputs has caused socio-economic problems by destroying the profitability of most agricultural production. In terms of the sustainability of agricultural production, the use of natural plant food materials together with traditional land models will balance the negativities of today's agriculture and the possibility of adapting to the UN Goals will increase.

Although Turkey takes an active path in its industrial development, agriculture is the backbone of the country's socio-economy. The main reason for this is that agricultural production is equally distributed throughout the country, unlike industrial production. For example, while the automotive industry is concentrated in the Western Regions and the iron and steel production is concentrated in the coastal regions, agricultural diversity is effectively carried out throughout the country. 1/3 of the country's population and 1/4 of the working population are in direct relation with agricultural production. Agricultural production, which reaches 70 billion USD annually, contributes approximately 18 billion USD to Turkey's exports. In the light of these values, it is a known fact that the positive or negative effects of agricultural processes will affect the socio-economy of the country at a high level. However, there are many problems in the country's agriculture.

These are basically:

• Climate Change
• Negativities in Land Management
• We can collect them under the headings of Shortage of Qualified Employees .

As a result of extreme weather events (flood, drought, storm, high temperature, low temperature) caused by climate change, a high level of soil and yield loss occurs. In addition, improper land management (excessive use of agricultural chemicals, excessive irrigation, etc.) threatens agricultural production and creates a tendency towards desertification while product quality decreases. On the other hand, as in the example of shepherding in agricultural production, migration from the village to the city due to the lack of educated personnel and decreasing productivity makes the agricultural structure fragile.

Although many suggestions have been made for the solution of agricultural problems with a holistic approach, financial and administrative irregularities make it difficult to solve the problems. Despite the aforementioned adversities, human landscapes in the Anatolian tradition are considered as a physical model for integrated agriculture. In the model defined as human landscapes in Anatolia, the land is evaluated not only in terms of production but also in an order that protects the environment. In this context, in land management where agriculture is at the center, meeting plant nutrients from natural resources is necessary for the continuation of sustainability.

It is a dynamic and lively system that is a stopping place for plants, provides them with nutrients and other development conditions, and covers a large part of the earth as a permanent cover, and has emerged with the common effects of climate and living things on the parent material under certain topographic conditions over time. The factors affecting plant growth in agriculture are numerous, and the problem that will occur in any of them adversely affects soil quality as well as production. Problems arising from land management apart from natural phenomena, on the other hand, affect many of their very different characteristics and cause degradation of lands by making it difficult to take precautions.

Products that are harmful to the environment and human health are produced and marketed as a result of the demand for excess production by violating the sustainable development and acceptable competition rules and the production style forced by chemical fertilizers, drugs and hormones. For example, in the last twenty-five years in Nevşehir, as a result of excessive and one-way nitrogen fertilization, the pH of the soils where potatoes are grown has decreased by up to 2 units, in other words the acidity has increased 100 times. These drastic changes, on the other hand, caused the village population to leave their lands by almost zeroing the production of the land.

However, it is a known fact that it is not possible to meet today's demand for agricultural products with completely organic and natural sources. Nutritional habits, as well as agricultural production methods, will shape the agriculture of the future.

In the model study, which tests the ability of organic and today's agriculture to feed the population expected to exceed 10 billion in the future, 500 scenarios were tried and 94% of the scenarios based on vegetarian nutrition met this demand, while 14% of the scenarios on protein-based consumption were able to provide sufficient food.

In a significant part of the agricultural lands in Turkey, the organic matter value is below 2%. Organic matter content (> 1.5%) of the soils of Turkey is very low in all our regions except the Eastern Black Sea region (<2%) with the effect of other factors, especially the climate. One of the reasons for the low organic matter levels of the soils is the conversion of meadow pasture and forest areas into agricultural areas. Decomposition of soil organic matter results from the use of organic carbon by microorganisms in the soil as food for their own survival.

Soil organic matter consists of plant and animal residues mixed with the soil in various ways and their decomposition and decomposition products as a result of various chemical reactions. Fallen leaves, dried roots, harvest residues, dried weeds, meadows, dead organisms and animal residues are sources of organic matter.

Apart from these resources, the use of agricultural harvest and pruning wastes (provided that they do not contain diseases) are among the resources that should be considered in order to enrich the soil with organic matter. For example, the 1% increase to be obtained by the application of agricultural harvest residues to the soil in Şanlıurfa Harran Plain will contribute equivalent to 788.100.000 TL of nutrients in the irrigated land in the Harran Plain, which is 1.500.000 decares. In the Plain, where there is an annual 3.900.000 tons of agricultural organic residue, nutrient increase (assuming 0.55 of the organic matter is carbon and the organic carbon:nitrogen:sulfur:phosphorus ratio is 100:10:1.5:1.5), water retention (wt%). 30 in the condition of water retention) and chemical fertilizer economy, with 2017 figures, 2,663,100,000 TL will be gained.